![]() Undernourishment around the world Depth of hunger: how hungry are the hungry? Meaningful action to end hunger requires knowledge of not just the number of hungry. What does hump day mean? In America, some people refer to Wednesday as hump day. Because Wednesday is in the middle of the work week, people often see it. Mother Nature Network is the world's leading source for environmental news, advice on sustainable living, conservation and social responsibility.
Meaning of Hump Day? What is hump day? ![]() Interventions for preventing obesity in children - Waters - 2. The Cochrane Library. Adiposity. Eighteen of the 3. Thirteen studies reported intervention effects on continuous measures of adiposity (BMI, z. BMI, weight, skinfold thickness, percentage body fat, or BMI percentiles) and five studies reported intervention effects on only categorical measures of fatness (weight status e. The effective interventions are summarised below in chronological order. Gortmaker 1. 99. 9a reported that after the long- term Planet Health intervention the prevalence of obesity among females in intervention schools was reduced compared with controls, however, there were no differences in male participants. In addition, there were positive intervention effects on percentage fat mass of overweight children (increased by 3. In the study by Kain 2. In the study by James 2. BMI from baseline after the 1. This difference was not maintained after three years from baseline. Coleman 2. 00. 5 explored the effects of the El Paso CATCH programme in schools and found that, although the percentage of children who were at risk of overweight, or overweight did not significantly differ from year to year between intervention and control schools, the rates of increase were higher in control schools. Rates of increase from 3rd to 5th grades were 1. Rodearmel 2. 00. 6 reported significant differences between intervention and control groups after the 1. BMI- for- age, percentage body fat) and parent adiposity (weight, BMI and percentage body fat). Given the short- term nature of the intervention, and time between measurements (1. The five to six- month intervention by Spiegel 2. BMI in the intervention group and a correlation between the change in BMI from baseline to post- intervention. There was a 2% reduction in overweight (BMI > 8. However, there was a 1. N = 4. 79 matched measures between baseline to post- data) and a 1. N = 5. 34 matched). The long- term New Zealand study by Taylor 2. BMI score post- intervention as significantly lower in the intervention group compared with control group children after the first year of the study. After two years, mean z. BMI score remained significantly lower in children the whole group and in those who were in the intervention for at least one year 1 (n = 3. CI: - 0. 2. 4 to - 0. CI: - 0. 2. 9 to - 0. Although the risk of being overweight or obese at year- end in intervention compared with the children in the control group (OR 0. CI: 0. 1. 9 to 1. During the two years post- intervention, a lower proportion of children in the intervention group became overweight; more intervention children who were overweight at baseline were not overweight at follow- up, a lower proportion of children in the intervention group became overweight, and a higher proportion of children in the intervention group became normal weight, compared with children in the control group. A French study (Lazaar 2. Subgroup analysis revealed effects only in female participants, and larger effects of the intervention were observed in obese (compared with non- obese children) regardless of measure. In male participants, The z. BMIz score decreased more in the intervention group than the control group. Foster 2. 00. 8 implemented a school nutrition policy- based intervention and found that the unadjusted incidence of overweight was reduced by 5. The unadjusted incidence of obesity was not different between groups. After controlling for gender, race/ethnicity and age, the adjusted (predicted) odds of becoming overweight during the intervention period (incidence of overweight) were 3. P < 0. 0. 5). In relation to the prevalence of overweight, after controlling for age, race/ethnicity, gender and prevalence at baseline the predicted odds of being overweight post- intervention (overweight prevalence) were 3. The predicted odds of remission of overweight or obesity (moving from being overweight or obese at baseline to not overweight or obese at post- intervention assessment) were 3. P 0. 0. 1). Gutin 2. The Medical College of Georgia Fitkid Project) reported various results. When using intention- to- treat analysis there were no significant differences between groups, but with higher programme attendance there were significantly greater reductions in percent body fat. During the intervention period, the intervention group significantly reduced their body fat during school months, however, this effect was lost during school vacation (after the summer months). Fat- free soft tissue also showed a significant group by time interaction in favour of the intervention (P < 0. However, BMI increased significantly more in the intervention group by the end of the three intervention periods. The Australian study reported by Salmon 2. BMI immediately after the six- month intervention in the Behaviour Modification and Fundamental Movement Skills (BM/FMS) group only compared with control. This effect was maintained at six and 1. This reduction was not observed in with the BM or FMS alone intervention groups. This effect was maintained at six- and 1. Another Australian study, reported by Sanigorski 2. Be Active Eat Well' intervention was associated with significantly smaller increases in weight, waist circumference, waist- to- height ratio and z. BMI in the intervention group, compared with children in the control group. Sichieri 2. 00. 9 reported no significant differences between intervention and control groups in BMI or weight as a result of the intervention conducted in Brazil, however, subgroup analysis revealed that for participants overweight at baseline, the intervention group had a greater BMI reduction than the control group, although this difference was only statistically significant among girls. It should be acknowledged that these subgroup findings could be spurious as they were likely to be derived from the data post- hoc and involve relatively small sample sizes, so should be interpreted with caution. The long- term French study by Simon 2. BMI (P - 0. 0. 1) over time than those in the control group. The significant differences in change in BMI between groups were evident at three years and at four years. The cumulative incidence of overweight was also lower in the intervention group than in the control group at four years. Vizcaino 2. 00. 8 reported the Spanish intervention resulted in a significant reduction in triceps skinfold thickness in intervention children compared with controls for both boys and girls. There was also a significant reduction in percentage body fat in girls but not boys, compared with the comparison group. The long- term study by Donnelly 2. Using intention- to- treat analysis showed no intervention effect on BMI, however analysis of schools (n = 9) with > 7. PAAC intervention activities delivered per week showed significantly less increase in BMI at three years compared to schools (n = 5) with < 7. Marcus 2. 00. 9 reported that the four- year Swedish intervention was associated with a reduction in the prevalence of overweight/obesity by 3. P < 0. 0. 5). There was also a higher rate of remission of overweight children to healthy weight in the intervention group (1. Summary: Of the 3. Ten studies involved long- term intervention periods (> 1. Seven studies were conducted in the USA, two in Australia, two in France, one in each of New Zealand, UK, Germany, Sweden, Chile, Brazil and Spain. Of the 2. 1 studies not effective on any indicator of adiposity, only three studies had an intervention period greater than 1. Sallis 1. 99. 3; Warren 2. Caballero 2. 00. 3). Behaviours. As seen in Table 1, of the 3. On balance, a variety of modest behavioural impacts have been achieved in most of the interventions in this age group. Diet- related. Diet- related factors were significantly positively altered in 2. A variety of indicators have been used, however, nutrition knowledge was increased in four studies (Amaro 2. M. Physical activity- related. Physical activity- related factors were significantly positively impacted in 2. Higher levels of physical activity self- efficacy were reported in four studies (Caballero 2. Harrison 2. 00. 6; Salmon 2. Simon 2. 00. 8), better cardiovascular fitness in three studies (Gutin 2. Kain 2. 00. 4; Reed 2. Hamelink- Basteen 2. Harrison 2. 00. 6; Pangrazi 2. Donnelly 2. 00. 9, M. Cardiovascular disease risk factors. Only eight studies reported the impact of the interventions on cardiovascular disease risk factors other than adiposity. Significant beneficial effects on blood pressure, heart rate, blood lipids, and cardiovascular fitness were reported in four studies (Gutin 2. Reed 2. 00. 8; Simon 2. Vizcaino 2. 00. 8). Assessment of outcomes by gender. Nineteen studies analysed the effects of the intervention by gender. Of those, eight reported no difference in outcomes by gender (Caballero 2. Coleman 2. 00. 5; Donnelly 2. Epstein 2. 00. 1; Foster 2. James 2. 00. 4; Sallis 1. Simon 2. 00. 8), four reported more pronounced intervention effects in male participants (Kain 2. Kipping 2. 00. 8; Marcus 2. Salmon 2. 00. 8) and seven reported more pronounced intervention effects in female participants (Gentile 2. Gortmaker 1. 99. 9a; Lazaar 2. Pangrazi 2. 00. 3; Rodearmel 2. Sichieri 2. 00. 9; Vizcaino 2. Of the studies that did not undertake this analysis, five were female- only studies (Baranowski 2. Beech 2. 00. 3; Robbins 2. Robinson 2. 00. 3; Story 2. Maintenance/Sustainability of effects. The sustainability of these effects on behaviours was assessed in only four studies (Donnelly 2. Gentile 2. 00. 9; James 2. Salmon 2. 00. 8). Gentile 2. 00. 9 reported a significantly lower level of parent- reported TV/computer screen time post- intervention in the intervention group and this effect was maintained at six months follow- up (a reduction of about two hours/week). The intervention group also had a significant increase in parent- and child- reported fruit and vegetable consumption immediately post- intervention and this was also maintained at the six- month follow- up.
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